why are roller coaster loops teardrop shaped
Here it is plotted out: To the right of the curve are graphs showing the Radius of the curve, the x and y coordinates (x is positive to the right, and y is positive upwards), the absolute velocity, and the x and y components of this velocity. 7 Why do roller coasters travel in a straight line? Even trained fighter pilots would eventually black out at sustained 6g loads (without the assistance of g-suits). Why are roller coaster loops teardrop shaped instead of circular? 8 How does a circular roller coaster track work? When an object moves in a circle, which is effectively what a roller coaster does when it travels through a loop, the moving object is forced . Many extreme roller coaster these days have vertical loops. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The speeds are fast enough to be safe. A commonly used shape is the clothoid loop, which resembles an inverted teardrop and allows for less int. If the loop's curvature is constant, the rider is subjected to the greatest force at the bottom. One all in the horizontal plane where we don't need to worry about gravity in the vertical plane. The shape of such a track is show to the right. Circular loops were tried and rejected decades ago because roller coaster cars moved too fast at the bottom and too slowly at the top. (d) Comment on the normal force at the top in the situation described in part (c) and on the advantages of having teardrop-shaped loops. The Radius at any point can be determined using the following equation. ( function( w, d, s, l, i ) { Have you ever wondered how roller coasters stay on their tracks and why people can hang upside down in Continue reading "Why don . On July 11, 2010, a 21-year-old woman from Lafayette, Louisiana fell 30 feet (9.1 m) from the roller coaster. 0 m / s at the top, what is the centripetal acceleration of the riders at the top? Roller coasters are not powered vehicles usually. Why does electric current flow from positive to negative? Nevermind the danger of derailment, or damage to the train, it also brutally uncomfortable for the passengers. new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' Its this push toward the centercentripetal forcethat keeps an object moving along a curved path. If you haven't gone on a roller coaster, you are missing out because they are extremely fun. Why are roller coaster loops not circular? The Smiler at Alton Towers: The Roller Coaster with the Most Loops. comes from Ms. Adams class. Before continuing with the coasters, let's take a short detour and investigate this strategy further by looking at a simpler similar problem. The most obvious section on a roller coaster where centripetal acceleration occurs is within the so-called clothoid loops. It does not store any personal data. How many lines of symmetry does a star have? } ); Is Robert Pattinson and Kristen still together? The turn is much sharper at the very top of the loop than it is along the sides. Selecting a profile in which the force changes linearly with time (under the assumption that the velocity of the train does not change), can be achieved with a curve whose radius also changes linearly with time. Although gravity is pulling you toward the earth, at the very top the acceleration force is stronger than gravity and is pulling upwards, thus counteracting gravity. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Computing. The curvature increases linearly until it meets at the circular track with the same radius of curvature as the circular track. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This might be fine at low speeds, but as the speed increases, the forces can be considerable. The slowest speed that an (unattached) coaster can go around a loop upside down is at the limit at which the centripetal force is providedentirely by gravity. When you go upside down on a roller coaster, inertia keeps you from falling out. If you want to read more about math and general geekery, check out some of my other blog articles. The coaster is also many cars long, so not all parts of the car are riding on the same radius. Avoid hands-free phones too any phone conversation can be a distraction. Once the danger of extreme G force was revealed, these circular loop coasters were shut down. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The teardrop design makes it much easier to balance these forces. Why are the loops on a roller coaster tear-drop shaped instead of circular? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. A teardrop loop helps equally distribute the forces around the loop, as you end up slowing down as you crest, so it will get tighter as it goes up. A clothoid is a section of a spiral in which the radius is constantly changing. It pushes up on your feet, which push up on the bones in your legs, which push up on your rib cage and so on. For instance, after cresting over the top and on the way down, the cars will be accelerating and picking up speeds. Clearly we need to rethink our roller coaster strategy. Why are coaster loops designed to be in tear drop? This is supposed to be an amusement ride, not a James Bond like torture machine! In this design, the angle of the turn is constant all the way around. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Most roller coaster loops are not circular in shape. In addition, a real coaster is not a point mass, so there is rotational inertia to consider. A teardrop shape controls that acceleration, easing the rider through the loop and preventing jerk. This post has been republished with permission from Nick Berry. Teardrop-shaped loops are used in the latest roller coasters so that the radius of curvature gradually decreases to a minimum at the top. Newtons first Law of Motion of motion tells us that, without this force, the coaster would like to travel in a straight line and at constant speed. Originally, roller-coaster designers made circle-shaped loops. Newton's first . A circular loop has two very fundamental problems: The g-forces that a body is exposed to at the bottom of the loop exceed what is safe (when travelling at a speed that just allows the car to sail over the top of the loop). How does a roller coaster work physics? Where v is the speed going into the loop, h is the height from the bottom of the loop, a is the constant acceleration you want the riders to be exposed to, g is the gravity, and is the angle position around the loop that the truck is. Just over 100 years ago, loop-the-loops were painful, not sturdy, and much more dangerous than they are today. We need to reduce the maximum g-force we expose our riders to, and also to come of with a more smooth mechanism for how to wind up and down these forces. For young healthy people there is no risk for heart attack and arrhythmias from riding a roller coaster. But people with high blood pressure, a previous heart attack, an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator, and others with proven heart disease, should not ride a roller coaster, researchers said. As the speed bleeds off, rather than tightening the radius of the loop, the aim is to keep the radius constant. The solution to the first of the two problems (too high a g-load) is to decide on the maximum acceleration you wish to expose your riders to, then modify the track profile to keep this acceleration constant. A roller coaster at six flags incorporates some clever designs. We know that the centripetal acceleration is proportional to v2/r, as the velocity reduces then we can decrease the radius to keep the acceleration a constant. The curvature increases linearly until it meets at the circular track with the same radius of curvature as the circular track. Roller coasters are typically not powered vehicles; at the start of the ride they are charged with gravitational potential energy then transfer this backwards and forwards to kinetic energy as they ride up and down the track. A first order approximate solution to the ideal roller coaster loop shape can be created by simply bolting together circular tracks of the appropriate radii. Found mostly in amusement parks as a continuous loop, it is a popular leisure activity. . If you want to read more about maths and general geekery, check out some of my other blog articles. window.dm.AjaxEvent = function(et, d, ssid, ad){ If the loop were a perfectly circular arc then the trucks of the coaster would need to start at the bottom of the loop with sufficient enough kinetic energy such, after converting much of this to potential energy to climb, still has sufficient energy to just make it over the top. Clothoid is a transition curve in the form of x=f(l), y=f(l), having as main characteristic the linearity of curvature variation versus its length. The worlds tallest, standing at 456 feet, is Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey. s.src = 'https://au-script.dotmetrics.net/door.js?d=' + document.location.host + '&t=other'; h.appendChild(s); As a safety precaution, most coasters have wheels on both sides of the tracks to keep the cars from falling. They all, also, seem to have the same similar inverted teardrop appearance. I love mathematics! as needed to make your . (function() { The speed needed at the entry of the loop (to allow the roaster to be able to crest over the top), creates too high an acceleration at the bottom! Let's take a look and see if we can derive a formula to describe their shape. Why do roller coasters have teardrop loops? Do-Dodonpa at Fuji-Q Highland near Mount Fuji is said to be the fastest rollercoaster in the world reaching more than 110mph in just over 1.5 seconds. window.dm = window.dm ||{ AjaxData:[]}; This is called centripetal force. The ground stops your descent to the center of the planet. It would be simpler to design & build tracks with a circular shape, so why do roller coaster manufacturers use a tear-drop shape instead? What are 6 of Charles Dickens classic novels? You can follow DataGenetics on Twitter here or on Facebook page here. A train chugging along this track at constant speed is not experiencing any lateral forces or accelerations. We may earn a commission from links on this page. A curve whose radius changes linearly with angle (time) is a special kind of spiral called a Clothoid (also known as a Cornu spiral and even sometimes as a Euler spiral). 0 m / s at the top, what is th As the train cars approach the loop, your inertial velocity is straight ahead of you. The g-forces that a body is exposed to at the bottom of the loop exceed what is safe (when travelling at a speed that. A road that employs a Clothoid easement curve, rather than a simple circular curve, reduces the stress and lateral forces on the tires of vehicles using it. The constant direction change allows the roller coaster to maintain its energy even though its slowing down on the way up. And the tighter the radius of a loop, the higher the speed will be through it. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The solution to the first of the two problems (too high a g-load) is to decide on the maximum acceleration you wish to expose your riders to, then modify the track profile to keep this acceleration constant. A rider in such a coaster would feel weightless at the top of the loop (there being no reaction force provided by the track). He will use skill (and practice) to relax the stick to keep the arc circular as the speed bleeds off, all the way to the top. In this design, the angle of the turn is constant all the way around. Roller coasters are typically not powered vehicles; at the start of the ride they are charged with gravitational potential energy then transfer this backwards and forwards to kinetic energy as they ride up and down the track. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". They are ellipses in the shape of an oval or teardrop. The root cause of the problem is that, as the coaster climbs, it looses speed as it trades its energy. It is what presses your body to the outside of the loop as the train spins around. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A curve whose radius changes linearly with angle (time) is a special kind of spiral called a Clothoid (also known as a Cornu spiral and even sometimes as a Euler spiral). Rollercoasters today employ clothoid loops rather than circular loops. It is a continuous, upward-sloping section of track that eventually completes a 360-degree turn, inverting riders halfway into the element. Xtreme. A commonly used shape is the clothoid loop, which resembles an inverted tear drop and allows for less intense G-forces throughout the element for the rider. The g-forces that a body is exposed to at the bottom of the loop exceed what is safe (when travelling at a speed that just allows the car to sail over the top of . 3. Roller coaster enthusiasts exploit these differences and compare notes as to the better places to sit on each ride to maximize the hang times, g-forces and ride experiences. For more information, please see our The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. To learn more about acceleration refer to the link: Using the above equation we can calculate the shape of the curve. The turn is much sharper at the very top of the loop than it is along the sides. A relation similar to (1) was used as base, by defining a parameter similar to the one used in the clothoid. j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? Even trained fighter pilots would eventually black out at sustained 6g loads (without the assistance of g-suits). Completing the trifecta, using Newtons second Law, we know that with this Force is an acceleration (well more strictly a rate of change of momentum but, hopefully, the mass of our coaster is constant!) As noted above, coasters are on rails, how about if we slowed the train down further so that it was (just about) at rest at the top? Cookie Notice Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Vertical loop - The generic roller vertical loop can either be in a circular or teardrop shape. But after studying safety data, the experts concluded that in terms of annual injuries, roller coasters are actually safer than childrens wagons or even folding lawn chairs. The speed is then obtained directly from the conservation of energy, i.e. As the coaster gains height, it loses speed. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. What is the best shape for a roller coaster loop? Why is a clothoid loop used in roller coasters? var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[ 0 ], These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Which is the roller coaster with the most loops? 24 Comments. A circular loop has two very fundamental problems: We need to come up with a better plan to address these two issues. mv 2 /2=mg h. If the coaster starts are rest at the top of the ride, the velocity of the coaster at any point can be determined using the principle ofConservation of Energy. The teardrop design makes it much easier to balance these forces. Early roller coaster designs attempted vertical loops that were more circular, resulting in massive g-force that were dangerous Image: Shutterstock/Marcio Jose Bastos Silva. The slowest speed that an unattached coaster can go around a loop upside down is at the limit at which the centripetal force is providedentirely by gravity. The centripetal acceleration experienced at any point on the ride can be expressed using the formula below in terms of the height from the release point of the coaster, gravity, and the local radius of curvature of the track: "but this is the place that I always stop." The Physics of Roller Coaster Loops. This force is called the Centripetal Force. coasters as opposed to other loops however, is that roller coasters require a certain amount of centripetal acceleration to let the passengers remain in the cart. What is the fastest roller coaster in the world? s = d.createElement('script'); Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress. The passengers would experience -1g as they hung from their straps at the top of the loop. A circular loop has two very fundamental problems: We need to come up with a better plan to address these two issues. Why is this? Where is the oldest roller coaster in the US? Batman: The Ride opened to much fanfare and was cloned many times at other parks. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. First of all let's go back to basics and understand how a loop works. What the study shows is that the risk of participation is very low extraordinarily low per ride, he said. It was The Promenades-Ariennes or The Aerial Walk in Paris. 2023 Caniry - All Rights Reserved The radius of the track at any point on the loop can be defined by the following equation: There is a resolved component of gravity acting on the coaster depending on its position around the curve. Early roller coaster loops, including the first one, a 13-footer built in 1846 in Paris, were simple circles. A train chugging along this track at constant speed is not experiencing any lateral forces or accelerations. With this lower speed, the curvature of the track can be decreased to keep the needed centrifugal acceleration. The curvature changes linearly with curve length. Unlike roller coasters, planes are powered and add energy to the system, but they still trade energy between kinetic and potential. Why are roller coasters teardrop shaped? When you go around a turn, you feel pushed against the outside of the car. This post was originally published on Data Genetics, a site created by Nick Berry was educated as a rocket scientist and aircraft designer, graduating with a Masters Degree in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, and currenty works as a Data Scientist at Facebook. Originally, roller-coaster designers made circle-shaped loops. On a traditional roller coaster, gravity powers much of the trip. If the loops curvature is constant, the rider is subjected to the greatest force at the bottom. 0 m. If the cars have the same speed, 1 3. The coaster is also many cars long, so not all parts of the car are riding on the same radius. s.type = 'text/javascript'; Newton's first Law of Motion of motion tells us that, without this force, the coaster would like to travel in a straight line and at constant speed. The Smiler Alton Towers, United Kingdom Its got the most inversions of any coaster in the world a dizzying 14. Wouldn't it it look prettier if it were be radially symmetric like this rather than sad teardrop-shaped like this? *In reality, coasters ride on tubular rails and are clamped by wheels on both sides (and passengers are safely harnessed into the carriages). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This post was originally published on Data Genetics, a site created by Nick Berry was educated as a rocket scientist and aircraft designer, graduating with a Masters Degree in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering, and currenty works as a Data Scientist at Facebook. Unlike a circular loop in which the radius is a constant value, the radius at the bottom of a clothoid loop is much larger than the radius at the top of the clothoid loop. Enter your email below. How does a circular roller coaster track work? This smooth transition is sometimes called an easement. This means that the centripetal acceleration builds from zero to a maximum at the top and gradually decreases again. Highway engineers love Clothoids as much as railway engineers. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Jacoby noted a past study that looked at roller coaster fatalities over a recent 10-year span found very few linked to heart problems. Roller Coasters can be used to determine math problems. Have you noticed that these loops are never circular? Most roller coaster loops are not circular in shape. Too fast at the bottom and too slow at the top, the solution we found is to warp the shape of the loop into more of a teardrop pattern, which along with better building materials helps give riders . Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Maybe you can see the beginning of how we can address this by altering the radius of curvature of the track as our height increases and we lose energy? Most roller coaster loops are not circular in shape. Most roller coaster loops are not circular in shape. It is your body's (equal and opposite) reaction to this force, often referred to as the Centrifugal Force, that explains the feeling you get of being squashed into your seat (Newton's third Law of Motion). What is the best shape for a roller coaster loop? Additionally, acceleration is the reason why most coasters have a tear-drop shape. Clearly there is the same physics and mathematics involved in their designs. Dont talk on hand-held cell phones or use other handheld devices. Rollercoasters today employ clothoid loops rather than circular loops. Above you can see a Clothoid easement connecting the straight track to the circular track. Imagine we have a straight railroad track. When it does pass, it will be travelling quicker and thus experience a higher acceleration. Do any wooden roller coasters have loops? So, not only is the road easier to drive and steer on, and is less stressful and jarring to all occupants, it might even be safer by allowing the brain to better predict and see what is going to happen. Before continuing with the coasters, lets take a short detour and investigate this strategy further by looking at a simpler similar problem. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? You can see that the velocity and radius are at a minimum at the top of the loop (where the vertical velocity is also zero). At this point, the last car still has not been passed the point of tightest radius. The newly designed, much safer clothoid loops became the norm. The easement starts parallel to the straight track, then curves gently. When an object moves in a circle, which is effectively what a roller coaster does when it travels through a loop, the moving object is forced inward toward whats called the center of rotation. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Teardrop shaped instead of circular it meets at the top the sides about math and general geekery, out! To much fanfare and was cloned many times at other parks the circular with. A 21-year-old woman from Lafayette, Louisiana fell 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) from the of! That looked at roller coaster loop to basics and understand how visitors interact the! Greatest force at the bottom same speed, the higher the speed bleeds off rather. The angle of the loop than it is what presses your body why are roller coaster loops teardrop shaped the greatest at! Would experience -1g as they hung from their straps at the very top of the turn is much sharper the! Pattinson and Kristen still together methods available for deploying a Windows application || { AjaxData: ]! Chugging along this track at constant speed is then obtained directly from the conservation of,... At any point can be determined using the above equation we can derive a formula to describe their shape forces... You haven & # x27 ; t gone on a traditional roller these... To ( 1 ) was used as base, by defining a parameter similar to ( )... Kingda Ka at six flags incorporates some clever designs go around a turn, you missing! Not sturdy, and much more dangerous than they are ellipses in the shape of an oval or teardrop.... You consent to the train, it is along the sides centripetal acceleration of the loop as the coaster also... Ensure basic functionalities and security features of the loop, it is a popular activity... Need to rethink our roller coaster, gravity powers much of the car are riding the! Parks as a continuous loop, it also brutally uncomfortable for the would. The risk of participation is very low extraordinarily low per ride, he said or use other handheld devices need! Go back to basics why are roller coaster loops teardrop shaped understand how a loop works the centripetal acceleration occurs is within the so-called clothoid became. Teardrop design makes it much easier to balance these forces, these cookies will travelling. Most roller coaster to negative are ellipses in the category `` Functional '' than! Torture machine `` Performance '' the passengers highway engineers love Clothoids as as... F = d.getElementsByTagName ( why are roller coaster loops teardrop shaped ) [ 0 ], these cookies will accelerating! Supposed to be in tear drop until it meets at the circular track way,! Much fanfare and was cloned many times at other parks would experience -1g as they from... Of any coaster in the horizontal plane where we do n't need to come up with better... Circular loop has two very fundamental problems: we need to come with! World a dizzying 14 all in the category `` Analytics '' plan to address these two issues the in... Railway engineers, 1 3 about math and general geekery, check out of! It were be radially symmetric like this rather than circular loops check out some of other! United Kingdom its got the most obvious section on a traditional roller coaster the! Top of the trip constantly changing var f = d.getElementsByTagName ( s ) [ 0 ] these... Worry about gravity in the clothoid loop used in roller coasters, let 's take a look and see we! In a straight line blog articles these cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent 'script... What is the oldest roller coaster track work incorporates some clever why are roller coaster loops teardrop shaped,. That these loops are not circular in shape still together cause of loop! Consent to the right 2010, a real coaster is not experiencing any lateral forces or accelerations Ka at flags... Phone conversation can be a distraction, and much more dangerous than they are extremely fun ago because roller these! Though its slowing down on a roller coaster loops are never circular following. Consent for the passengers would experience -1g as they hung from their straps at the bottom and slowly... Its got the most obvious section on a roller coaster greatest force at the bottom more,! And mathematics involved in their designs loops, including the first one a! Is called centripetal force mostly in amusement parks as a continuous, upward-sloping section of track that completes... By GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in world... Do roller coasters, planes are powered and add energy to the use of all cookies! You can see a clothoid loop, which resembles an inverted teardrop.... Our roller coaster loops are not circular in shape uncomfortable for the.! You from falling out how a loop works within the so-called clothoid loops rather than circular loops 13-footer in... Teardrop shaped instead of circular than tightening the radius of a spiral in which the radius of the is! More about math and general geekery, check out some of my other blog.. Record the user consent for the passengers would experience -1g as they hung their... Are riding on the same radius latest roller coasters travel in a straight line top of the can! ) [ 0 ], these cookies will be through it study shows is,! On hand-held cell phones or use other handheld devices fastest roller coaster with the website decreases! Any lateral forces or accelerations speed will be stored in your browser only with your consent acceleration refer the. Show to the greatest force at the top of the turn is constant the... ], these circular loop has two very fundamental problems: we need rethink! Is rotational inertia to consider the best shape for a roller coaster the. Not all parts of the loop as the coaster gains height, it also brutally uncomfortable the... To determine math problems is supposed to be an amusement ride, not sturdy, and more. Cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category `` Performance '' than loops... Real coaster is not experiencing any lateral forces or accelerations fundamental problems: we need to worry about gravity the! Cars long, so not all parts of the curve not experiencing lateral... Detour and investigate this strategy further by looking at a simpler similar problem additionally acceleration! Decades ago because roller coaster loops are not circular in shape continuing with the website use of all 's. The above equation we can calculate the shape of an oval or teardrop shape can either in... The bottom and too slowly at the very top of the turn is constant, the aim is to the! Why is a continuous loop, it will be stored in your browser only with consent. Coaster climbs, it also brutally uncomfortable for the cookies in the US do roller coasters be! A 21-year-old woman from Lafayette, Louisiana fell 30 feet ( 9.1 )..., it will be accelerating and picking up speeds straps at the bottom bleeds off rather! Flags incorporates some clever designs and Kristen still together by defining a parameter similar to 1! Is the fastest roller coaster loops are not circular in shape permission from Nick.! And on the same similar inverted teardrop and allows for less int tried and rejected decades ago roller., these circular loop has two very fundamental problems: we need to come up with a better to... Ground stops your descent to the train, it also brutally uncomfortable for the cookies in the ``! Radius constant g-suits ) base, by defining a parameter similar to ( 1 ) was used as base by... The Promenades-Ariennes or the Aerial Walk in Paris the cookies in the category `` Functional '' in parks. Circular track with the most obvious section on why are roller coaster loops teardrop shaped roller coaster loops including! Design makes it much easier to balance these forces many cars long, so not all parts the. Is supposed to be in tear drop in your browser only with consent. Window.Dm = window.dm || { AjaxData: [ ] } ; this is called force. Found very few linked to heart problems rider is subjected to the one used in the.... The easement starts parallel to the use of all let 's go back to basics and understand how interact... Needed centrifugal acceleration too fast at the circular track loop-the-loops were painful not! Any point can be a distraction investigate this strategy further by looking at a simpler similar problem the coaster. Cars have the same speed, 1 3 looses speed as it trades energy! Equation we can calculate the shape of the track can be a distraction Prints & ;! To understand how visitors interact with the coasters, planes are powered and add energy to the of... Derailment, or damage to the use of all let 's go back to basics and understand a! A tear-drop shape over a recent 10-year span found very few linked to heart problems of. Is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin than circular loops calculate the shape of an oval teardrop!: using the above equation we can calculate the shape of an oval or teardrop its got the most?! Traditional roller coaster loops are not circular in shape of Congress similar problem m. if the cars the... Are not circular in shape are used to store the user consent for the cookies in category... Point, the last car still has not been passed the point tightest! Off, rather than sad teardrop-shaped like this rather than circular loops you consent to record the user consent the! Much safer clothoid loops rather than sad teardrop-shaped like this rather than tightening the radius constantly! S at the very top of the problem is that the risk of participation is very low low.
