russian gypsy last names

On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. [52], In Estonia, Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,[53] and is officially considered a foreign language. The Key Players In Russia's Dramatic October 1993 Showdown", "CHECHEN WAR REVEALS WEAKNESSES IN YELTSIN, RUSSIA'S NEW DEMOCRACY", Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes, "26 years on, Russia set to repay all Soviet Union's foreign debt", "Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms", "A Case Study of a Currency Crisis: The Russian Default of 1998", "YELTSIN RESIGNS: THE OVERVIEW; Yeltsin Resigns, Naming Putin as Acting President To Run in March Election", "ELECTION IN RUSSIA: THE OVERVIEW; Putin Wins Russia Vote in First Round, But His Majority Is Less Than Expected", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, "As Expected, Putin Easily Wins a Second Term in Russia", "5 charts show Russia's economic highs and lows under Putin", "Putin ever present as Medvedev becomes president", "Post-Mortem on Europe's First War of the 21st Century", "Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas", "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine", "US orders 7,000 more troops to Europe following Russia's invasion of Ukraine", "UN votes to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine and calls for withdrawal", "The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained", "The Russian Federation is excluded from the Council of Europe", "UN General Assembly votes to suspend Russia from the Human Rights Council", "Defiant Putin proclaims Ukrainian annexation as military setback looms", "European Parliament declares Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism", "Statement by President von der Leyen on Russian accountability and the use of Russian frozen assets", "Ukraine: Commission presents options to make sure that Russia pays for its crimes", "EU Explores New Steps to Probe Russian Crimes, Use Frozen Assets", "Russia-Ukraine War: Top E.U. is pronounced [nasli], not [nsli]) this is called yakanye (). [433] In 2019, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman,[434] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the world's lowest fertility rates. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. [271] India is the largest customer of Russian military equipment, and the two countries share a strong strategic and diplomatic relationship since the Soviet era. [46], By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialization in the 1930s, and later played a decisive role for the Allies of World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. [446], Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. [59]:1120 While still under the domain of the Mongol-Tatars and with their connivance, Moscow began to assert its influence in the region in the early 14th century,[60] gradually becoming the leading force in the "gathering of the Russian lands". [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. Moscow, an insider guide to Russia's mighty metropolis", "Population density (people per sq. [199], The European Parliament designated Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism and as a state that "uses means of terrorism" in November 2022, citing attacks against civilians, war crimes, and atrocities. [citation needed], During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. [368], Russia is committed to the Paris Agreement, after joining the pact formally in 2019. Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: However, Russian has a constraint on syllabification such that syllables cannot span multiple morphemes. [87] There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level.[88][89]. [h][218] Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. [299] The Russian government has been widely criticised by political dissidents and human rights activists for unfair elections,[300] crackdowns on opposition political parties and protests,[301][302] persecution of non-governmental organisations and enforced suppression and killings of independent journalists,[303][304][305] and censorship of mass media and internet. [580] Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era. Major cities that function as separate regions (Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as. [473] It grants free education to its citizens by constitution. [104] The Provisional Government proclaimed the Russian Republic in September. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 19:55. 44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language. Some examples are: ([vzglat] vzglyad, 'glance'), ([gsdarstf] gosudarstv, 'of the states'), ([stritlstf] stroitelstv, 'of the constructions'). [389] Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry. From the point of view of spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn,[34] the other three languages in the East Slavic branch. [141]:295 The Soviet economy and infrastructure suffered massive devastation, which caused the Soviet famine of 19461947. [523] The Russian Academy of Arts, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. [383] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish. [548] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[558] DDT,[559] and Kino;[560] the latter's leader Viktor Tsoi, was in particular, a gigantic figure. Wikisource has original works on the topic: . [422] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. [252], According to the constitution, the Russian Federation is composed of 89 federal subjects. [412], In 1957, Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard Sputnik 2. Additional courses on the Russian language are open at two schools of the Cuban capital city. Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. [citation needed], In terms of actual grammar, there are three tenses in Russian past, present, and future and each verb has two aspects (perfective and imperfective). Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. The phoneme /ts/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as and some other neologisms contain /ts/ through the word-building processes (e.g. Rossiyane ( ), Russian language term for all citizens and people of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. [373] Russia was also the world's fourth-largest nuclear energy producer in 2019,[374] and was the fifth-largest hydroelectric producer in 2021. [432], Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which some analysts have called a demographic crisis. [227], Throughout much of the territory, there are only two distinct seasons, winter and summer; as spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low and extremely high temperatures. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. [430] It had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census,[431] which rose to roughly 145.5 million as of 2022. [3] It is the most spoken native language in Europe, the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language. [600] Beef Stroganoff,[601]:266 Chicken Kiev,[601]:320 pelmeni,[602] and shashlyk are popular meat dishes. [77], In Vietnam, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the 20th century, each with its own flavor of language. [151], In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. [443][444] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million;[445] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. [52], In Azerbaijan, Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. [51] 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. During the conflict, Russian troops overran East Prussia, reaching Berlin. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. The Russian perspective. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)", "National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic", "Preedintele CCM: Constituia nu confer limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages", "Falling Sonoroty Onsets, Loanwords, and Syllable contact", "Russian Loanword Adoptation in Persian; Optimal Approach", "Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language", "Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia", " ", "Statistical Summaries. 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